The corneal stroma (substantia propria) is the thick middle layer of the cornea, accounting for approximately 90% of its thickness. It is a highly organized extracellular matrix composed of parallel lamellae of collagen (types I and V), proteoglycans, keratocytes, and water. The fibrils are uniformly sized and regularly spaced; this precise architecture minimizes light scattering and supports transparency. Proteoglycans help regulate fibril spacing by osmotic and charge interactions. Disruption of this order\u2014by injury, disease, or hydration changes\u2014leads to opacity.<\/p>
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